Introduction The Nord Stream gas pipelines have been a source of significant geopolitical tension within Europe. These pipelines, which directly connect Russia to Germany via the Baltic Sea, have historically been seen as
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By PhD Michał Dulak Due to the informal and thus flexible nature of the Visegrad Group, the question of whether cooperation within it still exists never ceases to be relevant. Even if there
By Balázs Tárnok What have the previous treaty amendments achieved in the European Union, particularly the significant reforms implemented by the Maastricht and Lisbon Treaties? When might the amendment of EU treaties come
The safety of civilians became an important task for EU countries in the 20th century. In addition to military security systems, non-military security systems such as rescue, firefighting and crisis management mechanisms have
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The Dual Challenge of the Polish Energy System and the Importance of Future Supply Chains
By Gábor Papp Geopolitical turmoil hand in hand with accelerating green transition had challenged European countries unprecedented. Poland has its unique position within these global circumstances, since coal production and consumption is still